吉林省人民政府


吉林省人民政府关于进一步开展勤工俭学的规定
吉林省人民政府



各市、州、县人民政府，白城地区行政公署，省政府各委办厅局、各直属机构：
党的十一届三中全会以来，由于认真贯彻了国务院和省委、省政府有关勤工俭学的方针政策，我省的勤工俭学有了较大的发展。现在，有全省13，408所中小学、农职业学校和中等师范学校中，有12，698所学校开展了勤工俭学活动，占学校总数的94．7％；有350万名
学生按教学大纲要求参加各种形式的勤工俭学活动和校内外的公益劳动，占应参加劳动学生总数的97．7％。一九八一年以来，全省勤工俭学总收入达5．4亿元，其中用于改善办学条件和师生集体福利2．8亿元。勤工俭学活动，进一步加强了对学生的劳动观点教育和劳动技能训练，
补充了普通教育经费的不足，减轻了国家、集体和群众的办学负担，促进了教育事业的发展。为了适应教育体制改革和经济体制改革的新形势，进一步发展我省勤工俭学事业，除继续贯彻执行国家和省有关勤工俭学方面的政策规定外，现就有关问题作如下规定：
一、各级政府要把勤工俭学作为推进教育改革，发展教育事业的一件大事进一步抓好。要从本地的实际出发，抓好校办工、农、商、林、牧、副、渔等各业的发展规划，制定和完善发展校办企业的有关政策和规定。各级政府在抓好教育工作的同时，要特别注意解决好校办企业发展中的
一些问题，不断提高校办企业经营水平和竞争能力。
二、各级计划、物资、工商、农林、外贸、科技、能源、交通、环保等部门，应把校办企业纳入自己的业务范围。在纳入计划、企业升级、产品归口、评等创优、外贸出口、物资供应和供销衔接等方面，尽量予以优先安排。
三、各厂矿企业、大专院校和科研单位，要通过创办厂外车间、扩散零部件，为学校提供科技信息和科研成果等多种方式，扶持校办企业发展。
四、各级财政、金融部门，要通过多种渠道帮助中小学解决勤工俭学资金。除预拨教育经费外，应根据地方财力情况，逐年增加勤工俭学周转金。银行可按扶持城区集体企业和乡镇企业政策规定给予贷款支持，对已安置教职工子女和待业青年及生产小商品的校办企业，凡符合条件的应
尽量予以优先安排。
五、凡为学生提供劳动基地，为教学服务或按财政部门规定的比例为学校提供办学经费的各种生产及经营项目均属勤工俭学活动，工商部门应核准登记并发给营业执照；根据企业条件和业务需要，经工商行政部门核准，校办企业可冠以所在县、市或省的企业名称；允许跨行兼业，与外
系统、外地区联合，有条件的允许引进外资合作经营。
六、税务部门除按国家有关税收政策规定对校办企业给予减免税照顾外，城区和乡镇中小学的校办企业可以分别享受城区集体企业和乡镇集体企业税收政策待遇。对新办的校办企业，在开办初期纳税有困难的，经税务部门批准，可给予适当减免产品税、增值税、营业税照顾。免除农村
中小学的特种农业税、对于用银行贷款进行设备改造，暂时收入偏低或纳税有困难的微利校办企业，可按税收管理体制规定，给予减免产品税、增值税照顾。为了扶持校办企业的发展，对校办工厂上缴学校利润的比例可比照其他集体企业税收负担的情况，经当地主管部门和税务部门同意，
适当降低，所减免的税款和减少的上缴学校的资金，全部留给企业用于发展生产。对因扩大再生产或技术改造，当年给学校上缴利润有困难的，经税务部门批准，可缓交利润。但缓交期限最长不超过三年。校办工厂与外系统横向联合所得部分免征所得税。校办商业、饮食、服务、修理行业
，由于弥补教育经费使经营发生困难的，可按税收管理体制规定的权限批准，给予适当减免所得税照顾。
七、乡（镇）政府和村委会要切实抓好并积极扶持农村学校搞好勤工俭学，从人力、财力、物力等方面给予积极支持。可通过投资、垫资或贷款等方式帮助学校办工厂（商店），同时要帮助学校办好农、林场和多种经营基地。凡属学校经营的农、林、牧、副、渔场和果园，所使用的土
地用地手续健全，可由县级以上人民政府核发土地使用证；对于没有履行正式用地手续的，由学校向县级以上土地部门提出申请，经审核后报县级以上人民政府批准，核发土地使用证，有关部门应发给所有权执照；没有学农基地或学农基地较少的学校，由学校向当地土地（林地）管理部门
提出申请，按国家和省土地（林地）管理有关规定办理用地手续。当地政府和农、林部门应给予积极支持，尽量满足学生劳动需要。
八、校办企业实行独立核算、单独设帐，所得收入归企业，但必须按规定给学校提供劳动基地和办学经费。校办企业的固定资产所有权归学校及其所属企业。任何单位和个人不得平调、侵占或变相私分学校办企业的资金、厂（场）地和其他财产，已侵占的要全部退还。
九、各级教育行政部门要进一步加强勤工俭学的领导，把抓好勤工俭学作为全面贯彻国家教育方针，培养全面发展的社会主义新人和改革、发展教育的一项重要措施，纳入日程，列入发展教育的总体规划，由一名主管领导负责，切实抓好。同时要加强勤工俭学的行业管理和协调工作，
保证勤工俭学持续、稳定、健康地向前发展。
十、要加强勤工俭学队伍的建设，努力建立一支政治思想好，既懂生产又懂教育的勤工俭学管理和技术骨干队伍。勤工俭学是学校教育工作的一个组成部分，有关部门和学校要关心这支队伍的工作、学习和生活。在调资和职务评定方面，校办企业的管理和技术人员享受学校教职工同等
待遇。对于从学校抽调到各级勤工俭学管理部门的负责干部的待遇，应按其职务范围由当地政府确定。对于从事勤工俭学的其他各种专业技术人员，应根据水平高低和贡献大小，聘任相应的专业技术职务。
十一、勤工俭学是加强社会主义精神文明建设和社会主义物质文明建设的重要阵地，必须坚持两个文明一起抓，把育人与创收有机地结合起来。校办厂（场、店）应尽量安排学生参加劳动和生产经营活动，结合实践切实抓好学生的劳动观点教育和劳动技能训练，为培养有理想、有道德
、有文化、有纪律的一代新人打下坚实基础。校办企业要深化改革，落实各种形式的经济责任制和经营承包责任制，加强横向联合，大力开发新产品、新品种。要抓好设备更新改造和校办农（林、果）场建设，增强企业后劲，不断提高经济效益。



1987年8月30日
Risks and challenges of the EU expansion
周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

I. Introduction
For several years now the European Union is discussing a possible enlargement, because several European countries have applied for membership in the EU. These are especially the former socialist countries in Eastern Europe, that have clearly turned towards the west since the collapse of the iron curtain. These countries are Bulgaria, the Baltic countries Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Hungary.

In addition Turkey, Cyprus and Malta are trying for quite some time already to join the EU. These application are not to be accepted without any further deliberation because they do bring along some risks and the consequences are hard to distinguish therefore these countries are not very expected joining the European Union in the near future and will therefore not be included in the following evaluation.
II. Risks and challenges
If we wants to evaluate the risks and challenges of an upcoming enlargement of the EU, we should first take into account experiences gained during previous expansion which were to some extent comparable. Here the southern expansion from 1986 should be mentioned where two economically pathetic countries sought admission to the then European Community. The admission procedure of these two candidates, being Spain and Portugal, were lengthy and considered very problem bearing. Especially the amount of produce that would add to the already existing agricultural over-production of the Community was seen to be a problem since it would increase the load on the European budget.

But seen from a global economical perspective the joining of Spain and Portugal was overall positive for the EC and the two countries, although Spain struggled with a further rise of unemployment and disparities within the Community were further amplified.

The disparities within the Union will most certainly increase when it comes to an eastern expansion, but the agricultural problem will not be an issue, because the candidates have not got their focus on agriculture, already because of their communist heritage which focused on industry rather than on agriculture or the tertiary sector.

In case of the approaching expansion towards Eastern Europe the Union will have to resolve several problems, the most severe being without any doubt the financial one that will go along with the extension, estimated to be ?5 - ?6 billion annually, just for the technologically underdeveloped agriculture in the new member states.

The financial problem will also lead to a temporary discontent among the population of the existing members, since the financial load on the countries will cause budget cuts because the new members will undoubtedly belong to the payees rather than the payers. Especially the Mediterranean members, for instance Italy, Spain etc. fear cuts in their subsidies particularly the agricultural ones, and agriculture is already making up the biggest part of the EU′s budget.

Of course it is also to be questioned whether with the joining of economically weak countries the economies of the "richer" members are not weakened.

What should be taken into consideration as well is the impact the joining will have on the population of the candidates, especially considering the rights they will gain when they are citizens of the European community. They do then have the right to settle and work anywhere within the community, this could lead to a large amount of people pouring into the old member countries trying to seek work there and make their living. And since most of the European countries are already struggling with high unemployment the high rates could be pushed up further and the discontent among the population could worsen, especially against the background of Neo-Nazis in Germany and other countries such as Britain or Italy. Off course this would only be a temporary problem, which would solve itself over time as the new members develop economically, but still this could prove to be a major issue.

Of course their comes also a minor problem along with the expansion, this problem being even more languages than the twelve, already being used, in which EU communications would have to be carried out adding to the already huge administrative body of the European Union and also causing further costs of the EU.
But because the expansion represents a political necessity one should also take into account the positive aspects caused by such a historic event. With the expansion the continent would take a huge step towards the ethnic integration within Europe, different cultures would be facing each other and could also profit from each other. Also the global competitiveness of the EU against the USA and Asia would improve and another step towards global peace would be undertaken.
III. Changes in administration
It is obvious that an expansion potentially including ten countries would not be feasible without fundamental institutional reforms.

For instance with the existing structure of the Union which allocates most of the power to the European Council, where each member state has one vote, it would be imaginable that smaller members would have a majority over the larger members. Except for Poland, which is by population comparable to Spain and would consequently be a large member, all other candidates are relatively small in size an population.

Another point is that with more than twenty members the decision finding and making process needs to be completely reconsidered, so it represents the actual size of the member countries in terms of population rather than giving each member a veto and especially one single vote. The existing voting and weighting system is also already making the decision finding process a painfully and lengthy one, another ten different opinions added to this would make it virtually impossible to come to an agreement that at least partially satisfies all members and is therefore being supported and not vetoed against.

A changed "legislature" would also keep the democratic thought that the entire EU is based on alive and not vanish it like the existing system.

What should also be pointed out is the fact that an increase in members could lead to new coalitions within the Union and also increase competition among the individual countries. There are even critics that fear that an eastern expansion could lead to a shift in power towards the reunified Germany, since the potential new members are already heavily bound and leaning towards Germany.

What should also be considered is a change in European agricultural policy, which should actually be reformed already. The system of milk quotas, subsidies etc. which subsidises an over-production in many areas, just not to infuriate the farmers, because smaller farms would not be able to survive without the subsidies and the entire face of the European primary sector would change is completely outdated. This system could definitely no longer be kept up with even more farmers to support.
IV. Successful without absorbing the new members?
It is obvious that this question needs to be answered with a clear no. The existing members of the EU are already being absorbed by it and they have all chosen this faith. The goals of the European Union do state the loss of sovereignty in the areas of economic and currency politics, the latter one already realized, also in the political areas of social politics, education, research, consumer protection, health and also environmental issues. Now one could argue how many of these goals need to be realized in order for the EU to be successful, from the British point of view for example the cooperation in economic issues and the creation of the single market have already been enough, considering their opinion towards the Maastricht treaty.

If one would see it from the British point of view the EU could be successful without absorbing the new members, but since most other countries would like to see the above mentioned goals implied and would like to realize the dream of de Gaulle, Adenauer and others of "the United States of Europe", the new members would surrender a huge part of their sovereignty and consequently would be absorbed by the EU, especially considering that they will join in a couple of years at the earliest when European integration will hopefully have advanced beyond the point it is today.
Another point one could consider is what would happen if the European integration would further advance up to the point of the United States of Europe without any new countries joining. This would create another superpower alongside the USA and the then non-members would live in the shadow of the EU or whatever its name would be by that time and also be absorbed by the enormous power, in any terms, of their big neighbour just like the Caribbean, Canada and Mexico, even the entire Americas are by the USA. So the conclusion drawn by this could be that the central and eastern European countries would be better off in any case if they joined the EU even if they had to surrender much of their sovereignty.
Sources:

(1) http://www.europa.eu.int/ (March 17th, 2001)
(2) http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/public/zeige_pm.html?pmid=26445 (April 5th, 2001)
(3) Informationen zur politischen Bildung: Europäische Union (BpB, 1995)
(4) Microsoft Encarta 98
(5) Mittel- und Osteuropa auf dem Weg in die Europäische Union (Werner Weidenfeld, Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 1996)
(6) http://www.e-politik.de/beitrag.cfm?Beitrag_ID=559 (April 1st, 2001)